<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">cheb</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Чебышевский сборник</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Chebyshevskii Sbornik</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2226-8383</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Tula State Lev Tolstoy  Pedagogical University</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.22405/2226-8383-2019-20-2-488-498</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">cheb-656</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>История математики и приложений</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Сomputer science</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Математические модели нагрева и расплавления частиц мелкодисперсного порошка</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Mathematical models of heating and melting of particles of fine-dispersed powder</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ларкин</surname><given-names>Евгений Васильевич</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Larkin</surname><given-names>Eugene Vasilyevich</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email xlink:type="simple">elarkin@mail.ru</email></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Привалов</surname><given-names>Александр Николаевич</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Privalov</surname><given-names>Alexander Nikolaevich</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email xlink:type="simple">privalov.61@mail.ru</email></contrib></contrib-group><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2019</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>28</day><month>01</month><year>2020</year></pub-date><volume>20</volume><issue>2</issue><fpage>488</fpage><lpage>498</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Ларкин Е.В., Привалов А.Н., 2019</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2019</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Ларкин Е.В., Привалов А.Н.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Larkin E.V., Privalov A.N.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.chebsbornik.ru/jour/article/view/656">https://www.chebsbornik.ru/jour/article/view/656</self-uri><abstract><p>По мере своего развития математическое моделирование находит всё новые и новые области применения, оставаясь эффективным инструментом, в том числе, инженерной деятельности. Математические модели проходят путь эволюционного развития, повышая адекватность по соответствию реальным физическим процессам. Одно из актуальных направлений математического моделирования связано с развивающимся технологиями аддитивного прототипирования. Например, при изготовлении изделий из металлических порошков методами аддитивных технологий, в частности, селективного лазерного плавления, одним из практических вопросов является подбор оптимальных параметров работы3D-принтера. Решение задачи оптимизации х параметров работы 3D- принтера должно базироваться на математической модели процесса нагрева и расплавления частиц металла. В качестве базовой концепции моделирования использован подход, основанный на формировании и решении уравнения теплопроводности с краевыми условиями, учитывающими сферическую форму частицы, распределение энергии в поперечном сечении лазерного пучка и взаимное пространственное положение частицы и лазерного пучка. Отмечается, что для оценки структуры формируемых деталей подобный подход является избыточным, а алгоритм интегрирование уравнения в частных производных обладает высокой вычислительной сложностью. Для упрощения задачи анализа исходная микромодель трансформирована в макромодели нагрева и расплавления, в которых распределение температуры по объему частицы считается постоянным, а внешнее воздействие на частицу сводится к передаче тепла через поверхность шара, с верхней стороны - от лазерного луча к частице, а с нижней стороны - от частицы к окружающей среде. Для макромодели получены временные диаграммы нарастания температуры и накопленной внутренней энергия частицы во времени. Сделан вывод о возможности разбиения пространства вокруг частицы на зоны: полного и неполного расплавления, а также зону нагрева, недостаточного для расплавления. Показано, что наличие подобных зон приводит к рыхлости структуры формируемых на 3D-принтере деталей.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>As it develops, mathematical modeling finds more and more new areas of application,remaining an effective tool, including engineering. Mathematical models go the way ofevolutionary development, increasing the adequacy in accordance with real physical processes.One of the relevant areas of mathematical modeling is associated with the developingtechnologies of additive prototyping. For example, in the manufacture of products from metalpowders by the methods of additive technologies, in particular, selective laser melting, one ofthe practical issues is the selection of optimal parameters for the 3D printer. The solutionto the optimization problem x of the 3D printer operation parameters should be based on amathematical model of the process of heating and melting of metal particles. An approachbased on the formation and solution of the heat equation with boundary conditions that takeinto account the spherical shape of the particle, the energy distribution in the cross sectionof the laser beam, and the relative spatial position of the particle and the laser beam is usedas the basic concept of modeling. It is noted that to assess the structure of the formed parts,this approach is redundant, and the algorithm for integrating the partial differential equationhas high computational complexity. To simplify the analysis task, the initial micromodel istransformed into heating and melting macromodels in which the temperature distribution overthe volume of the particle is considered constant, and the external effect on the particle isreduced to heat transfer through the surface of the ball, from the upper side from the laser beamto the particle, and from the lower side - from particle to environment. For the macromodel,we obtained time diagrams of the temperature increase and the accumulated internal particleenergy in time. It is concluded that it is possible to divide the space around the particle intozones: complete and incomplete melting, as well as a heating zone insufficient for melting. It isshown that the presence of such zones leads to the friability of the structure of the parts formedon the 3D printer.Keywords: additive technology, laser heating, heat conduction equation, micromodel,macro-model, heating-melting timing charts.</p></trans-abstract></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Зеленко М.А., Нагайцев М.В., Довбыш В.М. Аддитивные технологии в машиностроении. Пособие для инженеров. – М.: ГНЦ РФ ФГУП .НАМИ.. 2015. – 220 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zelenko M.A., Nagaytsev M.V., Dovbysh V.M., 2015, Additive technology in mechanical engineering. A manual for engineer, SSC RF FSUE “NAMI”, Russia.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Волегжанин И.А., Макаров В.Н., Холодников Ю.В. Аддитивные технологии использования композитов при производстве горных машин // Горный информационно-аналитический бюллетень. – 2017. – № 6. – С. 32–38.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Volegzhanin I.A., Makarov V.N., Kholodnikov Y.V., 2017, “Additive technologies for the use of composites in the production of mining machines”, Mining Information and Analytical Bulletin, no. 6, pp. 32–38.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Olakanmi E.O., Cochrane R.F., Dalgarno K.W. A review on selective laser sintering/melting (SLS/SLM) of aluminium alloy powders: Processing, microstructure, and properties // Progress in Materials Science. – Vol. 74. - October 2015. – P. 401–477.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Olakanmi E.O., Cochrane R.F., Dalgarno K.W., 2015, “A review on selective laser sinter-ing / melting (SLS / SLM) of aluminum alloy powders: Processing, microstructure, and properties”, Progress in Materials Science, vol.74, pp. 401–477.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Travyanov А. Ya. et. al. Study of mechanical properties of cellular structures from 03Kh16N15М3 stainless steel depending on parameters of an elementary cell. Chernye Metally. 2018. No. 10. pp. 59–64.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Travyanov A. Ya, 2018, “Study of mechanical properties of cellular structures from 03Kh16N15M3 stainless steel depending on parameters of an elementary cell”, Chernye Metally, no. 10, pp. 59–64.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Petrovsky P. V. et. al. Dependence of structure and properties of 03Kh16N15М3 on the geometry of cellular structures obtained by the selective laser melting method. Chernye Metally. 2019. No. 3. pp. 49–53.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Petrovsky P. V., 2019, “Dependence of structure and properties of 03Kh16N15M3 on the geometry of cellular structures obtained by the selective laser melting method”, Chernye Metally, no. 3, pp. 49–53.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Travyanov А. Ya., Dub А. V., Petrovsky P. V. et. al. Study of mechanical properties of cellular structures from 03Kh16N15MZ stainless steel depending on parameters of an elementary cell. Chernye Metally. 2018. No. 10. pp. 59–63.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Travyanov A. Ya., Dub A. V., Petrovsky P. V., 2018, “Study of mechanical properties of cellular structures from 03Kh16N15MZ stainless steel depending on parameters of an elementary cell”, Chernye Metally, no. 10, pp. 59–63.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Петровский П.В., Чеверикин В.В., Соколов П.Ю. и др. Зависимость структуры и свойств стали 03Х16Н15М3 от геометрии ячеистых структур, полученных методом селективного лазерного плавления // Черные металлы. 2019. № 3. С. 49–53.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Petrovsky P.V., Cheverikin V.V., Sokolov P.Yu., 2019, “Dependence of the structure and properties of 03Kh16N15M3 steel on the geometry of cellular structures obtained by the method of selective laser melting”, Ferrous metals, no. 3, pp. 49–53.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Масайло Д.В., Попович А.А., Орлов А.В. и др. Исследование структуры и механических характеристик образцов, полученных газопорошковой лазерной наплавкой и селективным лазерным плавлением из сфероидизирующего порошка на основе железа // Черные металлы. 2019. № 4. С. 73-77.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Masailo D.V., Popovich A.A., Orlov A.V., 2019, “Study of the structure and mechanical characteristics of samples obtained by gas-powder laser surfacing and selective laser melting from a spheroidizing powder based on iron”, Ferrous metals, no 4, pp. 73–77.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Шишковский И.В. Лазерный синтез функционально-градиентных мезоструктур и объемных изделий. – М.: Физматлит, 2009. – 424 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shishkovsky I.V., 2009, Laser synthesis of functional gradient mesostructures and bulk products, Fizmatlit, Russia.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Orfanidis S.J. Introduction to signal processing. - Prentice Hall Inc. NY, USA, 1996. 790 p.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Orfanidis S.J., 1996, Introduction to signal processing, Prentice Hall Inc., NY, USA.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Handbook of Physics / Editors: W. Benenson, J.W. Harns, H. Stocker, H. Lotz. N.Y., USA. Springer Verlag, 2002. Pp. LVIII, 1190.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Benenson W., Harns J.W., Stocker H., Lotz H., 2002, Handbook of Physics, Springer Verlag, N.Y., USA.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Григорьянц А.Г. Основы лазерной обработки материалов. – М.: Машиностроение, 1989. – 301 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Grigoryants A.G., 1989, Fundamentals of laser processing of materials, Mechanical Engineering, Russia.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Akimenko T.A., Dunaev V.A., Larkin E.V. Computer Simulation of the Surface heating process by the movable laser // V International Workshop on Mathematical Models and their Applications 2016. Krasnoyarsk, Russia. IOF Conf. Series. Matherial science and Engeneering 2017.Vol. 173. N. UNSP 012002.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Akimenko T.A., Dunaev V.A., Larkin E.V., “Computer Simulation of the Surface heat-ing process by the movable laser”, Trudy V International Workshop “on Mathematical Models and their Applications” (IOF Conf. Series. “Matherial science and Engeneering”). Krasnoyarsk, 2016, vol. 173.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Smurov I. Pyrometry applications in laser machining // Proc. of SPIE. - 2001. - Vol. 4147. - P. 55 - 66.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Smurov I., 2001, “Pyrometry applications in laser machining”, Proc. of SPIE, vol. 4147, pp. 55–66.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Яковлев Е. Б. Перегрев твердых тел при плавлении // Изв. АН СССР. Сер. физ. - 1989. - Т. 53. - № 3. - С. 591–594.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Yakovlev, E. B., 1989, “Overheating of solids during melting”, Izv. USSR Academy of Sciences. Ser. physical, vol. 53, no. 3, pp. 591 – 59</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Яковлев Е.Б., Вейко В.П. Особенности плавления металлов при лазерном нагревании // НТ вестник информационных технологий, механики и оптики. - 2005. - Т. 21. - С. 52 - 56.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Yakovlev E.B., Veiko V.P., 2005, “Features of metal melting during laser heating”, NT Bulletin of Information Technologies, Mechanics and Optics, val. 21, pp. 52–56.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Яковлев Е.Б., Свирина В.В., Сергаева О.Н.. Особенности плавления металлов при действии ультракоротких лазерных импульсов // Изв. вузов. Приборостроение. - 2010. - Т. 53. - № 4. - С. 57 - 62.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Yakovlev E.B., Svirina V.V., Sergaeva O.N., 2010, “Features of melting of metals under the action of ultrashort laser pulses”, Izv. universities. Instrument making, vol. 53, no. 4, pp. 57–62.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Selective laser melting of a novel Sc and Zr modified Al-6.2 Mg alloy: Processing, microstructure, and properties // R. Li, M. Wang, T. Yuan, Bo Song, C. Chen, K. Zhou, P. Cao. Powder Technology. - Vol. 319. - 2017. - P. 117–128.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Li R., Wang M., Yuan T., Song Bo, Chen C., Zhou K., Cao P., 2017, “Selective laser melting of a novel Sc and Zr modified Al-6.2 Mg alloy: Processing, microstructure, and properties”, Powder Technology, vol. 319, pp. 117–128.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Разработка прототипа инженерного программного обеспечения (ИПО) на основе высокопроизводительных вычислений для оценки механических характеристик изделия, изготовленного с использованием аддитивных технологий (методом селективного лазерного спекания) с учетом стратегии изготовления изделия. Отчет о прикладных научных исследованиях и экспериментальных разработках // Под ред. В.И.Горбачева. № гос. рег. АААА-А18-118010990073-5. Тула: Тул. гос. пед ун-т им. Л.Н.Толстого, 2017. - 790 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gorbachev V.I., 2017, Development of a prototype of engineering software (IPO) based on high-performance computing to assess the mechanical characteristics of products manufactured using additive technologies (selective laser sintering), taking into account the manufacturing strategy of the product. Report on applied scientific research and experimental development, Tula state ped. un-t them. L.N. Tolstoy, Tula.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
