<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">cheb</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Чебышевский сборник</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Chebyshevskii Sbornik</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2226-8383</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Tula State Lev Tolstoy  Pedagogical University</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.22405/2226-8383-2019-20-2-478-487</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">cheb-655</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>История математики и приложений</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Сomputer science</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>От доклассической физики к классической механике</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>From pre-classical physics to classical mechanics</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Зайцев</surname><given-names>Евгений Алексеевич</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Zaytsev</surname><given-names>Evgeny Alekseevich</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email xlink:type="simple">e_zaitsev@mail.ru</email></contrib></contrib-group><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2019</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>28</day><month>01</month><year>2020</year></pub-date><volume>20</volume><issue>2</issue><fpage>478</fpage><lpage>487</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Зайцев Е.А., 2019</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2019</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Зайцев Е.А.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Zaytsev E.A.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.chebsbornik.ru/jour/article/view/655">https://www.chebsbornik.ru/jour/article/view/655</self-uri><abstract><p>В рамках проблемы становления науки Нового времени рассмотрен вопрос о мотивах перехода от аристотелевской физики к классической механике в XVII веке. В основу различения этих двух форм естественнонаучного знания нами положено противопоставление идей: холизма, которым руководствовалось доклассическое естествознание, и редукционизма, ставшего базисом классической механики Нового времени. Отмечен редукционистский характер постулатов, лежащих в основе закона о параболической траектории брошенного тела, с открытия которого начинается научная революция XVII века. В их числе – принцип равномерного инерциального движения в горизонтальном направлении (в отсутствии влияния силы тяжести), закон свободного падения в вертикальном направлении под действием силы тяжести и закон параллелограмма сил и движений. Показано, что в доклассической физике, в силу ее ориентации на холизм, ни один из этих постулатов не мог быть выполнен. Исходя из положения, что теоретические построения в области механики движения вторичны по отношению к формам движения, реализуемым в практической механике, приведены аргументы в пользу тезиса о том, что холизм доклассической механики связан с применением в качестве «двигателей» мускульной силы человека и животных. Показано, что именно использование одушевленных двигателей, характерное для античности и средних веков, ведет к нарушению редукционистского принципа аддитивности сил, лежащего в основе классической механики. В заключение сделан вывод о том, что предпосылками идеи редукции явились новые виды движения, реализованные в практической механике XV-XVI вв. Это – подъемные устройства, использующие в качестве движущей силы силу тяжести, и кривошипно-шатунные механизмы, снабженные маховыми колесами. Устройства первого типа подводили к идее аддитивности сил, а второго – к возможности реализации равномерного движения.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>In this article, within the framework of the general problem of the formation of modern science, the question of the transition from Aristotelian physics to classical mechanics in the 17th century is being considered. The distinction between these two forms of scientific approach to the study of nature is based on the opposition of ideas of holism, which guided the preclassical natural science, and reductionism, which became the foundation of classical mechanics. The reductionist nature of the postulates underlying the law of the parabolic trajectory of the projectile, the discovery of which inaugurated the scientific revolution of the 17th century, is disclosed and emphasized. Among them - the principle of inertial motion in the horizontal direction (in the absence of gravity), the law of free fall in the vertical direction under the influence of gravity, and the law of the parallelogram of forces and motions. It is shown that none of these postulates could be fulfilled in pre-classical mechanics due to its holistic orientation. Proceeding from the hypothesis that the theoretical constructions in the field of mechanics are secondary in relation to the forms of motion realized in practical mechanics, it is established that holism is associated with the use of muscular strength of man and animals as working engines. It is shown that it is the use of animate engines (characteristic of antiquity and the Middle Ages) that underlies the violation of the principle of the additivity of forces, upon which classical mechanics is based. In conclusion, proceeding from the aforementioned hypothesis about the secondary nature of theoretical constructions, the thesis is argued that the technological prerequisites for the formation of the idea of reduction are new types of technical movement realized in practical mechanics in the 15th-16th centuries. These are lifting devices using gravity as driving force and crank-and-rod mechanisms equipped with flywheels. Devices of the first type led to the idea of additivity of forces, while of the second to the possibility of a uniform motion.</p></trans-abstract></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hussey E. Aristotle’s Mathematical Physics. In: Aristotle’s Physics: a Collection of Essays (ed. L. Judson). – Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1991, 213–242.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hussey E. 1991, “Aristotle’s Mathematical Physics”, Aristotle’s Physics: A Collection of Essays (ed. L. Judson). Clarendon Press, Oxford, 213–242.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gregory A. Aristotle, Dynamics and Proportionality // Early Science and Medicine. 2001. Vol. 6, 1–21.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gregory A. 2001, “Aristotle, Dynamics and Proportionality”, Early Science and Medicine. Vol. 6, 1–21.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bradwardine Th. Tractatus de Proportionibus, Its Significance for the Development of Mathematical Physics (ed. H. L. Crosby). – Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1955.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bradwardine Th. 1955, Tractatus de Proportionibus, Its Significance for the Development of Mathematical Physics (ed. H. L. Crosby). Univ. of Wisconsin Press, Madison.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Murdoch G. E., Sylla E. D. The Science of Motion. In: Science in the Middle Ages (ed. D. Lindberg). – Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1978, 206–264.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Murdoch G. E., Sylla E. D. 1978, “The Science of Motion”, Science in the Middle Ages (ed. D. Lindberg). University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 206–264.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Molland G. The Oresmian Style: Semi-Mathematical, Semi-Holistic. In: Molland G. Mathematics and Medieval Ancestry of Physics. – Aldershot: Variorum reprints, 1995, 13–30.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Molland G. 1995, “The Oresmian Style: Semi-Mathematical, Semi-Holistic”, Molland G., Mathematics and Medieval Ancestry of Physics. Variorum reprints, Aldershot, 13–30.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Зайцев Е. А. Категория количества в физике Аристотеля, средневековой натурфилософии и немецкой классической философии. В кн.: Математика и реальность. Труды Московского семинара по философии математики (Под ред. В. А. Бажанова и др.). – М.: Изд-во МГУ, 2014, 348–375.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zaytsev E. A. 2014, “The Category of Quantity in the Physics of Aristotle, Medieval Natural Philosophy and Classical German Philosophy”, Matematika i realnost. Trudy Moskovskogo seminara po filosofii matematiki (Mathematics and Reality. Proc. of the Moscow Seminar on the Philosophy of Mathematics). Moscow State University, Moscow, 348–375.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Koyre A. Etudes galileennes. – Paris: Hermann, 1966.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Koyre A. 1966, Etudes galileennes. Hermann, Paris.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Зайцев Е. А. Технологические предпосылки научной революции XVII в. В кн.: Э. В. Ильенков и проблема человека в революционную эпоху. Материалы XIX Межд. конф. .Ильенковские чтения.. М., 2017, 266–274.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zaytsev E. A. 2017a, “Technological Prerequisites for the Scientific Revoliution of the 17th C.”, E. V. Ilyenkov I problema cheloveka v revoliutsionnuiu epokhu. Materialy XIX Mezhdunarodnoy konferentsii “Ilyenkovskie chteniya” (E. V. Ilyenkov and the Problem of Man in the Epoch of Revolution. Proc. 19th Int. Conf. “Ilyenkov’s Readings”). Moscow, 2017, 266–274.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Зайцев Е. А. Всеобщее содержание природы в зеркале развития практической механики // Научные ведомости Белгородского государственного университета. Серия .Философия. Социология. Право.. 2017. Вып. 41, 12–19.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zaytsev E. A. 2017b, “The Universal Content of Nature in the Mirror of Practical Mechanics”, Nauchnye Vedomosti Belgorodskogo Gos. Univ., Ser. “Filosofiya, Sotsiologiya, Pravo”, Issue 41, 12–19.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Benedetti G. B. Diversarum speculationum mathematicarum et physicarum liber. – Taurini, 1585.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Benedetti G. B. 1585, “Diversarum speculationum mathematicarum et physicarum liber”, Taurini.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Maier A. Die Vorl‥aufer Galileis im 14. Jahrhundert. – Roma: Edizioni di storia e letteratura, 1949.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Maier A. 1949, “Die Vorl‥aufer Galileis im 14. Jahrhundert”, Edizioni di storia e letteratura, Roma.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Зайцев Е. А. У истоков теоретической механики: история превращения технического искусства в научную дисциплину // Институт истории естествознания и техники им. С. И. Вавилова РАН. Годичная научная конференция 2015. Т. 1. М., 2015, 132–141.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zaytsev E. A. 2015, “The Origins of Theoretical Mechanics: a History of the Transformation of the Technical Art in a Scientific Discipline”, Institut istorii estestvoznaniya i tekhniki im. Vavilova RAN. Godichnaya nauchnaya konferentsiya 2015. Vol. 1. Moscow, 132–141.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Зайцев Е. А. Искусственное и природное: концепция идеального Ильенкова и история механики. В кн.: Философия Э. В. Ильенкова и современность. Материалы XVIII Межд. конф. .Ильенковские чтения.. Белгород, 2016, 42–46.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zaytsev E. A. 2016a, “Artificial and Natural: the Concept of the Ideality by Ilyenkov and History of Mechanics”, Filosofiya E. V. Ilyenkova i sovremennost. Materialy XVIII Mezhdunarodnoy konferentsiy .Ilyenkovskie chteniya. (The Philosophy of E. V. Ilyenkov and Modernity. Proc. 18th Int. Conf. “Ilyenkov’s Readings”). Belgorod, 2016, 42–46.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Зайцев Е. А. Идеальное движение // Научный результат. Социальные и гуманитарные исследования. 2016. Т. 2, № 2(8), 34–42.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zaytsev E. A. 2016b, “The Ideal Movement”, Nauchnyy rezultat. Sotsialnye i gumanitarnye issledovaniya. Vol. 2. № 2(8), 34–42.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Зайцев Е. А. Предпосылки открытия параболической траектории движения брошенного тела (вопрос о .промежуточном покое.) // Историко-математические исследования. Вторая серия. 2018. Вып. 16 (51), 282–299.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zaytsev E. A. 2018, “The Prerequisites for the Discovery of the Parabolic Shape of Projectile Motion (the Problem of “Intermediate Rest”)”, Istoriko-matematicheskie issledovaniya. 2nd Series. Issue 16 (51), 282–299.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
