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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">cheb</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Чебышевский сборник</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Chebyshevskii Sbornik</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2226-8383</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Tula State Lev Tolstoy  Pedagogical University</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.22405/2226-8383-2019-20-2-406-441</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">cheb-652</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Доклады молодых ученых</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Mathematics</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Внешние биллиарды вне правильного десятиугольника: периодичность почти всех орбит и существование апериодической орбиты</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Outer billiards outside regular decagon: periodicity of almost all orbits and existence of aperiodic orbit</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Рухович</surname><given-names>Филипп Дмитриевич</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Rukhovich</surname><given-names>Filip Dmitrievich</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email xlink:type="simple">dprpavlin@gmail.com</email></contrib></contrib-group><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2019</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>28</day><month>01</month><year>2020</year></pub-date><volume>20</volume><issue>2</issue><fpage>406</fpage><lpage>441</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Рухович Ф.Д., 2019</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2019</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Рухович Ф.Д.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Rukhovich F.D.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.chebsbornik.ru/jour/article/view/652">https://www.chebsbornik.ru/jour/article/view/652</self-uri><abstract><p>Внешние биллиарды были введены Б. Нойманном в 50-х годах ХХ века и стали популярны в 70-х благодаря Ю. Мозеру, который рассматривал внешний, или двойственный, биллиард как игрушечную модель небесной механики. Задача об устойчивости Солнечной системы обладает тем свойством, что "легко выписать n уравнений движения частиц, но сложно понять это движение интуитивно"; в связи с этим, Мозер предложил рассмотреть ранее поставленную Б. Нойманном задачу внешнего биллиарда, обладающую тем же свойством.Одним из классических примеров динамической систем является внешний биллиард вне правильного ????-угольника; в частности, с ним связаны проблемы существования апериодической траектории, а также полноты периодических точек. Эти проблемы решены лишь для ограниченного количества частных случаев.При ???? = 3, 4, 6 стол является решеточным, и, как следствие, апериодических точек нет, а периодические точки образуют множество полной меры. В 1993 году, С. Табачникову удалось найти апериодическую точку в случае правильного пятиугольника; сделано это было с помощью ренормализационной схемы - метода, имеющего фундаментальное значение при исследовании самоподобных динамических систем.По мнению Р. Шварца, следующими по сложности являются случаи n = 10,8,12; в этих случаях, а также в случае ???? = 5 для внешнего биллиарда удается построить ренормализационную схему, которая, как пишет Шварц, “позволяет дать (как минимум, в принципе) полное описание того, что происходит”.Позже, автору удалось обнаружить самоподобные структуры и построить ренормализационную схему для случаев правильных восьми- и двенадцатиугольника.Данная же статья посвящена внешнему биллиарду вне правильного десятиугольника. Доказано существование апериодической орбиты для внешнего биллиарда вне правильного десятиугольника, а также, что почти все траектории такого внешнего биллиарда являются периодическими; явно выписаны все возможные периоды. В основе работы лежит классическая технология поиска и исследования ренормализационной схемы. Возникающие в случае ???? = 10 периодические структуры похожи на периодические структуры в случае ???? = 5, но все же имеют свои особенности.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Outer billiards were introduced by B. Neumann in 1950s and became popular in 1970s dueto J. Moser; Moser considered outer, or dual, billiard as toy model of celestial mechanics. Theproblem of stability of the Solar system has such a property that “it’s easy to write ???? equationsof particles motion down but hard to understand this motion intuitively”; according to this,Moser suggested to consider Neumann’s outer billiard problem which has the same property.One of classical examples of dynamical systems is an outer billiard outside regular ????-gon; inparticular, this billiard is connected with problems of existence of aperiodic trajectory and offullness of periodic points. These problems resolved only for a few number of a special cases.In case ???? = 3, 4, 6 table is a lattice polygon; as a consequence, there are no aperiodic points,and periodic points form a set of full measure. In 1993, S. Tabachnikov was managed to find anaperiodic points in case of regual pentagon; it was done using renomalization scheme — methodwhich has a fundamental importance in research of self-similar dynamical systems.According to R. Schwartz, cases which are next by complexity are ???? = 10, 8, 12; in thesecases, and also in case ???? = 5, it’s possible to build a renomalization scheme which, as R. Scwartzwrites, “allows one to give (at least in principle) a complete description of what is going on.”Later, author was managed to discover self-similar sturctures and build renormalizationscheme for cases of regular octagon and dodecagon.This article is devoted to outer billiard outside regular decagon. The existence of an aperiodicorbit for an outer billiard outside a regular octagon is proved. Additionally, almost all orbits ofsuch an outer billiard are proved to be periodic. All possible periods are explicitly listed. Thework is based on classical technology of search and research of renormalization scheme. Periodicstructures which occur in case ???? = 10 are similar to periodic structures in case ???? = 5, but hastheir own features.</p></trans-abstract></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rukhovich F. 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