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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">cheb</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Чебышевский сборник</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Chebyshevskii Sbornik</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2226-8383</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Tula State Lev Tolstoy  Pedagogical University</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.22405/2226-8383-2025-26-4-398-418</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">cheb-2094</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Статьи</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Матричная классификация двумерных алгебр над полем Z2</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Matrix classification of two-dimensional algebras over the field Z2</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Шарипов</surname><given-names>Данила Алексеевич</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Sharipov</surname><given-names>Danila Alekseevich</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email xlink:type="simple">thesharip@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Финансовый университет при Правительстве Российской&#13;
Федерации; Национальный исследовательский университет «Высшая школа экономики»</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Financial University under the Government of the Russian Federation; National Research University Higher School of Economics</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>29</day><month>12</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>26</volume><issue>4</issue><fpage>398</fpage><lpage>418</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Шарипов Д.А., 2025</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Шарипов Д.А.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Sharipov D.A.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.chebsbornik.ru/jour/article/view/2094">https://www.chebsbornik.ru/jour/article/view/2094</self-uri><abstract><p>Исследуется задача нахождения орбит группы 𝐺𝐿(𝑉 ) на пространстве 𝐴𝑙𝑔(𝑉 ) всех билинейных отображений 𝑉 ×𝑉 → 𝑉. В работе рассматриваются только двумерные алгебрынад полем Z2 без использования методов теории инвариантов. Рассматривается классификация алгебр с новых позиций. Для выделения большого класса алгебр используется отображение 𝑃, которое естественно возникает как отображение 𝐴𝑙𝑔(𝑉 ) → 𝑉 * × 𝑉 *, сопоставляющее каждой структуре алгебры на пространстве 𝑉 пару линейных форм 𝑇𝑟1 и 𝑇𝑟2, задаваемых как следы операторов левого и правого умножения в этой алгебре. Изучено 𝜏 -действие группы 𝐺𝐿(2,Z2), состоящей из невырожденных квадратных матриц 𝑔, на множество MSC(A) — матрицы структурных констант. Данное действие в общем виде записывается как 𝜏 : (𝑔,MSC(A)) → 𝑔MSC(A)(𝑔−1)⊗2. Действие 𝜏 задаёт экви-валентность между матричными операторами двумерных алгебр и определяет структуру для описания орбит действия. Для данного действия было использовано 𝑃-отображение,которое имеет вид 𝑃(𝜏 (𝑔,MSC(A))) = 𝑃(MSC(A))𝑔−1.Для матричных представителей двумерных алгебр предложена полная матричная классификация с различными орбитами над Z2. Изложена связь 𝑃(𝑔MSC(A)(𝑔−1)⊗2) = 𝑒,между MSC(A) и задающей ее линейно независимой системой {𝑇𝑟𝑘} = {𝑇𝑟1, 𝑇𝑟2}. Данная связь различных матричных представителей орбит равна 𝑞4. В работе также учтена связь того, что матричные представители орбит при действии 𝜏 могут пересекаться, однако в исследовании строго доказана их непересекаемость.Показана взаимосвязь в виде системы равенств между элементами эквивалентных орбит 𝜏-действия группой 𝐺𝐿(2,Z2) на MSC(A) для дальнейшего изучения над полями более высшего порядка. Результаты показывают, что количество различных орбит 𝜏-действия равняется 52. Как следствие в теоретико-групповом смысле, данная задача эквивалентна описанию умножения на двупорожденной абелевой группе вида Z2 ⊕ Z2 с точностью доизоморфизма.В заключение приводятся некоторые свойства решётки Z𝑞 × Z𝑞 (𝑇𝑟𝑘) с использованием системы векторов {𝑇𝑟𝑘}, из которых, в частности, следует описание эквивалентных матриц с точностью до числа по пяти непересекающимся линейным формам {𝑇𝑟𝑘} = {𝑇𝑟1(MSC(A)), 𝑇𝑟2(MSC(A))} = {𝑇𝑟1(𝐴), 𝑇𝑟2(𝐴)} двойственного пространства алгебры A.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The problem of finding orbits of the group 𝐺𝐿(𝑉 ) on the space 𝐴𝑙𝑔(𝑉 ) of all bilinear mappings 𝑉 ×𝑉 → 𝑉 is investigated. The work considers only two-dimensional algebras over the field Z2 without using methods of invariant theory. The classification of algebras is considered from new perspectives. To distinguish a large class of algebras, a mapping 𝑃 is used, which naturally arises as a mapping 𝐴𝑙𝑔(𝑉 ) → 𝑉 * × 𝑉 *, assigning to each algebra structure on the space 𝑉 a pair of linear forms 𝑇𝑟1 and 𝑇𝑟2, defined as traces of the left and right multiplicationoperators in this algebra. The 𝜏 -action of the group 𝐺𝐿(2,Z2), consisting of non-degenerate square matrices 𝑔, on the set MSC(A) — matrices of structural constants is studied. This action is generally written as 𝜏 : (𝑔,MSC(A)) → 𝑔MSC(A)(𝑔−1)⊗2. The action 𝜏 defines equivalence between matrix operators of two-dimensional algebras and determines the structure for describing action orbits.For this action, the 𝑃-mapping was used, which has the form 𝑃(𝜏 (𝑔,MSC(A))) == 𝑃(MSC(A))𝑔−1.For matrix representatives of two-dimensional algebras, a complete matrix classification with various orbits over Z2 is proposed. The connection 𝑃(𝑔MSC(A)(𝑔−1)⊗2) = 𝑒 between MSC(A) and its defining linearly independent system {𝑇𝑟𝑘} = {𝑇𝑟1, 𝑇𝑟2} is presented. This connection of different matrix representatives of orbits equals 𝑞4. The work also addresses the fact that the matrix representatives of the orbits under the action of 𝜏 could potentially intersect; however, the study rigorously proves their non-intersection.The interrelation in the form of a system of equalities between elements of equivalent orbits of 𝜏 -action by the group 𝐺𝐿(2,Z2) on MSC(A) for further study over fields of higher order isshown. The results show that the number of different orbits of 𝜏 -action equals 52.As a consequence in the group-theoretic sense, this problem is equivalent to describingmultiplication on a two-generated abelian group of the form Z2 ⊕ Z2 up to isomorphism.In conclusion, some properties of the lattice Z𝑞×Z𝑞 (𝑇𝑟𝑘) using the system of vectors {𝑇𝑟𝑘} are given, from which, in particular, follows the description of equivalent matrices with respectto number by five disjoint linear forms {𝑇𝑟𝑘} = {𝑇𝑟1(MSC(A)), 𝑇𝑟2(MSC(A))} = {𝑇𝑟1(𝐴), 𝑇𝑟2(𝐴)} of the dual space of the algebra A.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>двумерные алгебры</kwd><kwd>действие групп на множестве</kwd><kwd>орбиты</kwd><kwd>абелева группа</kwd><kwd>умножения на абелевой группе.</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>two-dimensional algebras</kwd><kwd>action of groups on a set</kwd><kwd>orbits</kwd><kwd>abelian group</kwd><kwd>multiplications on an abelian group.</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Petersson, H.P., Scherer, M. 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