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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">cheb</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Чебышевский сборник</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Chebyshevskii Sbornik</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2226-8383</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Tula State Lev Tolstoy  Pedagogical University</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.22405/2226-8383-2024-25-5-126-139</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">cheb-1874</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Статьи</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Численный метод решения интегральных уравнений Фредгольма и Вольтерра с помощью искусственных нейросетей</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Numerical method for solving Fredholm and Volterra integral equations using artificial neural networks</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Нгуен</surname><given-names>Тиен Дык</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Nguyen</surname><given-names>Tien Duc</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>аспирант</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>postgraduate student</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">ducnt@bcit.edu.vn</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ахметов</surname><given-names>Ильшат Зуфарович</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Akhmetov</surname><given-names>Ilshat Zufarovich</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>аспирант</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>postgraduate student</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">ilshat.achmetov@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Галимянов</surname><given-names>Анис Фуатович</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Galimyanov</surname><given-names>Anis Fuatovich</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>кандидат физико-математических наук</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>candidate of physical and mathematical sciences</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">anis_59@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Казанский (Приволжский) федеральный университет&#13;
(г. Казань); Колледж промышленных технологий (г. Бакзанг, Вьетнам).</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Kazan (Volga) Federal University (Kazan); College&#13;
of Industrial Techniques (Bac Giang, Vietnam).</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Казанский (Приволжский) федеральный университет</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Kazan (Volga) Federal University</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2024</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>20</day><month>01</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>25</volume><issue>5</issue><fpage>126</fpage><lpage>139</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Нгуен Т., Ахметов И.З., Галимянов А.Ф., 2025</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Нгуен Т., Ахметов И.З., Галимянов А.Ф.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Nguyen T., Akhmetov I.Z., Galimyanov A.F.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.chebsbornik.ru/jour/article/view/1874">https://www.chebsbornik.ru/jour/article/view/1874</self-uri><abstract><p>Многие задачи математики, механики, физики и других инженерных дисциплин приводят к уравнениям, в которых неизвестная функция стоит под знаком интеграла. Интегральные уравнения являются полезными математическими инструментами во многих областях, поэтому они исследуются во многих различных аспектах, таких, как существование решений, аппроксимация решений, расчет поправки или неисправимости, корректировка решений и т. д. Во многих статьях упоминаются так называемые PINN (physicsinformed neural networks, что можно перевести как физически обусловленные нейронные сети), которые нашли применение для решения дифференциальных уравнений, как обыкновенных, так и в частных производных, а также систем дифференциальных уравнений.PINN также применяются для решения интегральных уравнений, однако, в публикацияхобычно приводятся методы для решения некоторого класса уравнений, к примеру, уравнения Фредгольма 2-го рода либо уравнения Вольтерра 2-го рода. В этой статье будет описан общий метод решения непрерывных интегральных уравнений с помощью нейросетей, который обобщает их как для интегральных уравнений Фредгольма, так и для интегральных уравнений Вольтерра. Суть метода заключается в том, что искомая функция аппроксимируется нейронной сетью, которая по сути является огромной функцией с большим числом настраиваемых параметров, которые выбираются из условия минимальности квадрата невязки, для чего параметры нейронной сети настраиваются с помощью алгоритма оптимизации L-BFGS. Результаты метода ANN сравниваются с точным решением для нескольких типовых интегральных уравнений.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Many problems in mathematics, mechanics, physics and other engineering disciplines lead to equations in which the unknown function appears under the integral sign. Integral equations are useful mathematical tools in many fields, so they are studied in many different aspects, such as the existence of solutions, approximation of solutions, calculation of correction or incorrigibility, correction of solutions, etc. Many articles mention the so-called PINN (physics-informed neural networks, which can be translated as physically conditioned neural networks), which have found application for solving differential equations, both ordinary and partial derivatives, aswell as systems of differential equations. PINNs are also used to solve integral equations, but publications usually provide methods for solving a certain class of equations, for example, the Fredholm equation of the 2nd kind or the Volterra equation of the 2nd kind. This article will describe a general method for solving continuous integral equations using neural networks that generalizes them to both Fredholm and Volterra integral equations. The essence of the methodis that the desired function is approximated by a neural network, which is essentially a huge function with a large number of adjustable parameters, which are selected from the condition of minimal squared residual, for which the parameters of the neural network are adjusted using the L-BFGS optimization algorithm. The results of the ANN method are compared with the exact solution for several typical integral equations.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>численные методы</kwd><kwd>интегральные уравнения</kwd><kwd>уравнения Фредгольма и Вольтерры</kwd><kwd>приближение функций</kwd><kwd>нейронные сети.</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>Numerical methods</kwd><kwd>integral equations</kwd><kwd>Fredholm and Volterra equations</kwd><kwd>approximation of functions</kwd><kwd>neural networks.</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Работа выполнена за счет средств Программы стратегического академического лидерства Казанского (Приволжского) федерального университета («ПРИОРИТЕТ-2030»).</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hosseini S. M., Shahmorad S. 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