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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">cheb</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Чебышевский сборник</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Chebyshevskii Sbornik</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2226-8383</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Tula State Lev Tolstoy  Pedagogical University</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.22405/2226-8383-2023-24-3-263-288</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">cheb-1564</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>История математики и приложений</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Сomputer science</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Вариационное исчисление в целом: рождение, становление, приложения</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Calculus of variations in the large: birth, formation, applications</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Боева</surname><given-names>Анна Вячеславовна</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Boeva</surname><given-names>Anna Vyacheslavovna</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email xlink:type="simple">mukhiny@mail.ru</email></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Мухин</surname><given-names>Равиль Рафкатович</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Mukhin</surname><given-names>Ravil’ Rafkatovich</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>доктор физико-математических наук</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>doctor of physical and mathematical sciences</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">mukhiny@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Старооскольский технологический институт им. А. А. Угарова (филиал) Национального исследовательского технологического университета «МИСиС»</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Ugarov Stary Oskol Technological Institute (branch) National University of Science and Technology “MISiS”</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2023</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>07</day><month>11</month><year>2023</year></pub-date><volume>24</volume><issue>3</issue><fpage>251</fpage><lpage>276</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Боева А.В., Мухин Р.Р., 2023</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2023</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Боева А.В., Мухин Р.Р.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Boeva A.V., Mukhin R.R.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.chebsbornik.ru/jour/article/view/1564">https://www.chebsbornik.ru/jour/article/view/1564</self-uri><abstract><p>Работа посвящена эволюции понятий и методов вариационного исчисления в целом – раздела математики, возраст которого составляет немного более столетия. Предметом этой области является изучение качественных характеристик вариационных задач. В развитии вариационного исчисления в целом можно выделить несколько периодов с присущими каждому из них чертами. Первый период определим с конца XIX в. до конца 1940-х гг., когда происходит рождение и становление теории, которая сложилась из двух главных частей – теории Морса и теории категорий Люстерника-Шнирельмана. Здесь еще заметновыступают черты традиционной математики. В следующий период – с конца 1940-х до конца 1970-х гг. вариационное исчисление в целом сформировалась как отдельная область математики, и она обрела свою современную форму, основанную на понятиях и методах алгебраической топологии. Открылись широкие возможности для решения новых задач математики и был получен целый ряд впечатляющих результатов. Современный периодможно определить с конца 1970-х гг. до настоящего времени. Главной его чертой является невиданное ранее сближение математики и области ее приложений, особенно с физикой.Не всегда стало возможным указать различимую границу между обеими областями науки, появился даже термин «физическая математика». Вариационное исчисление в целом входит в качественную теорию, представляющей значительную часть современной математики и находит широкие применения в приложениях. Но ее место еще более значительно, оно составляет одну из основ, формирующей наше мировоззрение.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The work is devoted to the evolution of the concepts and methods of the calculus of variations in the large, a branch of mathematics that is a little over a century old. The subject of this area is the study of qualitative characteristics of variational problems. In the developmentof the calculus of variations in the large several periods can be distinguished with features inherent in each of them. The first period is defined from the end of the 19th century. until the end of the 1940s, when the theory was born and formed, which was formed from twomain parts - the Morse theory and the theory of Lyusternik-Shnirelman categories. Here, the features of traditional mathematics are still noticeable. In the next period - from the end of the 1940s to the end of the 1970s. the calculus of variation in the large was formed as a separate area of mathematics, and it acquired its modern form, based on the concepts and methods of algebraic topology. Ample opportunities opened up for solving new problems in mathematics,and a number of impressive results were obtained. The modern period can be defined from the late 1970s. until now. Its main feature is the unprecedented convergence of mathematics and the field of its applications, especially with physics. It has not always been possible toindicate a distinguishable boundary between the two fields of science; even the term "physical mathematics"has appeared. The calculus of variations in the large is included in the qualitative theory, which represents a significant part of modern mathematics and finds wide applications. But its place is even more significant, it is one of the foundations that forms our worldview.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>критическая точка</kwd><kwd>экстремаль</kwd><kwd>геодезическая линия</kwd><kwd>топология</kwd><kwd>категория.</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>critical point</kwd><kwd>extremal</kwd><kwd>geodesic line</kwd><kwd>topology</kwd><kwd>category.</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Исследование выполнено при поддержке РФФИ (проект 20-011-00402 А).</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Campbell L., Garnett W. The life of James Clerk Maxwell. L.: MacMillan and Co., 1882. 342 p.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Campbell L., Garnett W. The life of James Clerk Maxwell. 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