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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">cheb</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Чебышевский сборник</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Chebyshevskii Sbornik</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2226-8383</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Tula State Lev Tolstoy  Pedagogical University</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.22405/2226-8383-2022-23-5-269-290</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">cheb-1423</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>История математики и приложений</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Сomputer science</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Развитие концептуальных положений качественной теории</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Development of the conceptual provisions of the qualitative theory</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Мухин</surname><given-names>Равиль Рафкатович</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Mukhin</surname><given-names>Ravil’ Rafkatovich</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>доктор физико-математических наук</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>doctor of physical and mathematical sciences</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">mukhiny@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Старооскольский технологический институт им. А. А. Угарова (филиал) Национального исследовательского технологического университета «МИСиС»</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Ugarov Stary Oskol Technological Institute (branch) National University of Science and Technology «MISiS»</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2022</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>17</day><month>01</month><year>2023</year></pub-date><volume>23</volume><issue>5</issue><fpage>269</fpage><lpage>290</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Мухин Р.Р., 2023</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2023</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Мухин Р.Р.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Mukhin R.R.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.chebsbornik.ru/jour/article/view/1423">https://www.chebsbornik.ru/jour/article/view/1423</self-uri><abstract><p>Работа посвящена изучению эволюции основных положений качественной теории, под знаком которой происходило развитие всей математики ХХ в. В развитии качественной теории можно выделить несколько этапов с четко выраженными тенденциями: становление качественной теории, когда сложились новые подходы, новый язык и система понятий (конец XIX – 20-е гг. ХХ в.); следующий этап – широкое привлечение методов топологии ифункционального анализа, вероятностных представлений и расширение качественной теории с выделением самостоятельных областей (конец 1920-х – середина ХХ в.); с середины ХХ в. по настоящее время – современный этап. Он выделяется тем, что в качественной теории воплотилось представление о математике как единой науке. Качественная теория вобрала в себя идеи и методы самых разных разделов (топологии, функционального анализа, теории групп Ли и др.). Объединяющая роль качественной теории заключается в том, что в ней воплощаются две культуры в математике, одна из них направлена на решение задач, а другая – на построение и осмысление теорий. В этом отношении качественная теория не просто конкретный раздел, а своеобразный подход к математическим проблемам. Особенностью современного этапа является еще невиданное сближение с областью приложений, особенно с физикой. Физика является не просто потребителем, она стимулировала кардинальные изменения самой математики. Становится трудно провести различимую границу между некоторыми разделами математики и теоретической физики.Качественная теория преобразила облик всей математики и ее приложений.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The work is devoted to the study of the evolution of the main provisions of the qualitative theory, under the sign of which the development of all mathematics of the twentieth century took place. In the development of qualitative theory there are several stages with clearly defined trends: the formation of a qualitative theory, when new approaches, a new language and a system of concepts were formed (late 19th – 20s of the 20th century); the next stage is the widespread use of methods of topology and functional analysis, probabilistic representations and the expansion of qualitative theory with the allocation of independent areas (late 1920s – mid-twentiethcentury); from the middle of the twentieth century to the present – the modern stage. It is distinguished by the fact that the idea of mathematics as a single science was embodied in the qualitative theory. Qualitative theory has absorbed the ideas and methods of various branches (topology, functional analysis, the theory of Lie groups, etc.). The unifying role of a qualitative theory is that it embodies two cultures in mathematics, one of them is aimed at solving problems, and the other – at building and comprehending theories. In this respect, qualitative theory is not just a specific branch, but a peculiar approach to mathematical problems. A feature of the present stage is the still unprecedented convergence with the field of applications, especially with physics. Physics is not just a consumer, it has stimulated fundamental changes in mathematics itself. It becomes difficult to draw a distinguishable boundary between some branches of mathematics and theoretical physics. Qualitative theory has transformed the face of all mathematics and its applications.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>качественная теория</kwd><kwd>топология</kwd><kwd>топологическая инвариантность</kwd><kwd>динамическая система</kwd><kwd>локальное и глобальное описание.</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>qualitative theory</kwd><kwd>topology</kwd><kwd>topological invariance</kwd><kwd>dynamical system</kwd><kwd>local and global description.</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Работа выполнена при поддержке РФФИ, проект № 20-011-00402 А.</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="en">Thе work was supported by the RFBR grant No. 20-011-00402 A.</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sturm Ch. F. M´emoire sur une classe ´equations `a diff´erences partielles // J. Math. 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