<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">cheb</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Чебышевский сборник</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Chebyshevskii Sbornik</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2226-8383</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Tula State Lev Tolstoy  Pedagogical University</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.22405/2226-8383-2022-23-2-106-120</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">cheb-1273</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Статьи</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>О геометрическом определении шарнирного механизма, теореме Кемпе и перезрелой математике</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>On the squares and cubes in the set of finite fields</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ковалёв</surname><given-names>Михаил Дмитриевич</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kovalev</surname><given-names>Mikhail Dmitrievich</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>доктор физико-математических наук, профессор</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>doctor of physical and mathematical sciences, professor</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">mdkovalev@mtu-net.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Московский государственный университет им. М. В. Ломоносова</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Lomonosov Moscow State University</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2022</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>07</day><month>07</month><year>2022</year></pub-date><volume>23</volume><issue>2</issue><fpage>106</fpage><lpage>120</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Ковалёв М.Д., 2022</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2022</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Ковалёв М.Д.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Kovalev M.D.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.chebsbornik.ru/jour/article/view/1273">https://www.chebsbornik.ru/jour/article/view/1273</self-uri><abstract><p>В статье приводится определение шарнирного механизма, учитывающее его кинематическую природу. Это определение существенно отличается от принятого рядом математиков в недавних работах. Если использовать не учитывающее кинематической подоплёки принятое ныне определение, то классический результат А.Б.Кемпе [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="cit1">1</xref>] о возможности черчения по частям произвольной плоской алгебраической кривой шарнирами подходящимобразом выбранных плоских шарнирных механизмов нельзя считать достаточно обоснованным самим Кемпе. Что и было отмечено в современной литературе[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="cit6">6</xref>], и даже привелок обвинениям Кемпе в ошибке. Предложенное в работах [6, 7] развитие и современное обоснование результата Кемпе, по существу, представляет собой модификацию метода Кемпе построения нужного механизма из механизмов-кирпичиков, выполняющих алгебраические действия. Однако, оно основано на использовании сложного языка алгебраической геометрии, что приводит к замене коротких и прозрачных рассуждений Кемпе на порядок болеедлинными и трудновоспринимаемыми текстами. При нашем определении шарнирного механизма можно дать строгую формулировку теоремы Кемпе, для доказательства которойдостаточно аргументов Кемпе с минимальными уточнениями. Это уточнённое доказательство приведено в статье. В статье обсуждается современное развитие результата Кемпе, ипретензии к рассуждениям Кемпе. А также приведены общие мысли о математике, возникшие у автора в связи с теоремой Кемпе и её современным развитием.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The paper provides a definition of the hinge mechanism, taking into account its kinematic nature. This definition differs significantly from that adopted by a number of mathematiciansin recent works. If we use the definition accepted today, which does not take into account the kinematic background, then the classical result of A. B. Kempe [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="cit1">1</xref>] about the possibility ofdrawing by parts of an arbitrary plane algebraic curve with hinges of suitably chosen plane hinge mechanisms cannot be considered sufficiently substantiated by Kempe himself. This hasbeen noted in the modern literature [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="cit6">6</xref>], and even led to accusations of Kempe in error. The development and modern substantiation of Kempe’s result proposed in the works [6, 7] is, in essence, a modification of Kempe’s method for constructing the required mechanism from brick mechanisms performing algebraic actions. However, it is based on the use of a complex language of modern algebraic geometry, which leads to the replacement of Kemp’s short and transparent reasoning by an order of magnitude longer and difficult to understand texts. In our definition of the hinge mechanism, we can give a rigorous formulation of Kempe’s theorem, for the proof of which Kempe’s arguments with minimal refinements are sufficient. This updated proof is provided in the paper. The paper discusses the modern development of Kemp´e’s result, and the claims against Kemp´e’s reasoning. It also gives general ideas about mathematics that theauthor has in connection with the Kemp´e theorem and its modern development.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>шарнирные механизмы</kwd><kwd>черчение алгебраических кривых</kwd><kwd>теорема Кемпе</kwd><kwd>конфигурационное пространство</kwd><kwd>перезрелая математика.</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>On the squares and cubes in the set of finite fields</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kempe А. В. On a general method of describing plane curves of the 𝑛𝑡ℎ degree by Linkwork // Proc. of the London Math. Soc. 1876. V. 7, № 102. p. 213-216.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kempe А. В. On a general method of describing plane curves of the 𝑛𝑡ℎ degree by Linkwork // Proc. of the London Math. Soc. 1876. V. 7, № 102. p. 213-216.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Гильберт Д., Кон-Фоссен С. Наглядная геометрия.— М.: Наука, 1981.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gilbert D., Cohn-Fossen S. Visual Geometry— М.: Nauka, 1981.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ковалёв М. Д. Геометрическая теория шарнирных устройств // Известия РАН Серия математическая, 1994, т.58, №1, с.45–70.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kovalev M. D. Geometric theory of hinged devices // Izv. RAN. Ser.Math. 1994, v.58, №1, p.45–70.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ковалёв М.Д. Вопросы геометрии шарнирных устройств и схем, Вестник МГТУ, Серия Машиностроение 2001, №4, С. 33–51.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kovalev M. D. “Geometric theory of hinged devices”, Russian Acad. Sci. Izv. Math., 44:1 (1995), 43–68</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ковалёв М. Д. Геометрические вопросы кинематики и статики. М.: Ленанд, URSS, 2019. 256 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kovalev M. D. Questions of geometry of hinge devices and schemes, Vestnik MGTUУ, Ser. Masinostroenie 2001, №4, p. 33–51.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kapovich M., Millson J. J. Universality theorems for configurations of planar linkages // Topology, v.41 (2002), №6, p. 1051 – 1107.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kovalev M. D. Geometric questions of kinematics and statics M.: Lenand, URSS, 2019. 256 P.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">King Henry C. Planar Linkages and Algebraic Sets // arXiv.org:math/9807023 Preprint July 4, 1998, 22 p.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kapovich M., Millson J. J. Universality theorems for configurations of planar linkages // Topology, v.41 (2002), №6, p. 1051 – 1107.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Jordan D. and Steiner M. Configuration Spaces of Mechanical Linkages, // Discrete Comput. Geom. 22 (1999) p. 297—315.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">King Henry C. Planar Linkages and Algebraic Sets // arXiv.org:math/9807023 Preprint July 4, 1998, 22 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Demain E., O’Rourke J. Geometric Folding Algorithms. Linkages, Origami, Polyhedra. // Cambridge university press, New York, 2007.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Jordan D. and Steiner M. Configuration Spaces of Mechanical Linkages, // Discrete Comput. Geom. 22 (1999) p. 297—315.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ошемков А.А., Попеленский Ф.Ю., Тужилин А.А., Фоменко А.Т., Шафаревич А.И. Курс наглядной геометрии и топологии, М.: ЛЕНАНД, 2015, 360 С.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Demain E., O’Rourke J. Geometric Folding Algorithms. Linkages, Origami, Polyhedra. // Cambridge university press, New York, 2007.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Левитский Н. И. Теория механизмов и машин. Терминология. Под редакцией Н.И. Левитского, М., Наука. 1984.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Oshemkov A. A., Popelenskiy F.Yu., Tuzhilin A. A., Fomenko A. T., Shafarevich A.65 I. Course of visual geometry and topology M.: Lenand, 2015, 360 С.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">King Henry C. Semiconfiguration spaces of planar linkages, arXiv.org:math/9810130.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Levitskiy N. I. Theory of mechanisms and machines. Terminology. Edited by Levitskiy N. I., M., Nauka. 1984.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">King Henry C. Configuration Spaces of Linkages in 𝑅𝑛. arXiv.org:math/9811138 Preprint November 23, 1998, 34 P.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">King Henry C. Semiconfiguration spaces of planar linkages, arXiv.org:math/9810130.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hopcroft J., Joseph D., Whitesides S. Movement problems for 2-dimensional linkages,// SIAM J. Computing, vol. 13 (1984), pp. 610-629.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">King Henry C. Configuration Spaces of Linkages in 𝑅𝑛. arXiv.org:math/9811138 Preprint November 23, 1998, 34 P.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Abbott T. Generalizations of Kempe’s Universality Theorem // MS Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 2008 URL: http://web.mit.edu/tabbott/www/papers/mthesis.pdf</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hopcroft J., Joseph D., Whitesides S. Movement problems for 2-dimensional linkages,// SIAM J. Computing, vol. 13 (1984), pp. 610-629.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Power S. Elementary proofs of Kempe universality // arXiv:1511.09002v2 [math.MG] 26 Apr 2017.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Abbott T. Generalizations of Kempe’s Universality Theorem // MS Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 2008 URL: http://web.mit.edu/tabbott/www/papers/mthesis.pdf</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ковалёв М. Д. Что такое шарнирный механизм? И что же доказал Кемпе? // Итоги науки и техники, серия Современная математика и ее приложения. Тематические обзоры, ВИНИТИ РАН Москва, том 179, с. 16-28</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Power S. Elementary proofs of Kempe universality // arXiv:1511.09002v2 [math.MG] 26 Apr 2017.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Литлвуд Дж. Е. Математическая смесь. — М.: Наука, 1990.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kovalev M. D. What is a hinge mechanism? And what did Kempe prove? // Itogi nauki i tehniki, ser. Sovremennaya matematika i eyo prilozheniya. Tematicheskie obzori,VINITI RAN</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Moscow,v. 179, P. 16-28</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Moscow,v. 179, P. 16-28</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Littlewood, J. E. (1986), Bollob´as, B´ela (ed.), Littlewood’s miscellany, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Littlewood, J. E. (1986), Bollob´as, B´ela (ed.), Littlewood’s miscellany, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
