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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">cheb</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Чебышевский сборник</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Chebyshevskii Sbornik</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2226-8383</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Tula State Lev Tolstoy  Pedagogical University</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.22405/2226-8383-2021-22-2-417-436</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">cheb-1009</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>История математики и приложений</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Сomputer science</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Из истории понятия структурной устойчивости</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>From the history of the concept of structural stability</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Мухин</surname><given-names>Равиль Рафкатович</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Mukhin</surname><given-names>Ravil’ Rafkatovich</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>доктор физико-математических наук</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>doctor of physical and mathematical sciences</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">mukhiny@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Старооскольский технологический университет им. А. А. Угарова (филиал) Национального исследовательского&#13;
технологического университета «МИСиС»</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Ugarov Stary Oskol Technological Institute (branch) National University of Science and Technology «MISiS»</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2021</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>01</day><month>06</month><year>2021</year></pub-date><volume>22</volume><issue>2</issue><fpage>417</fpage><lpage>436</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Мухин Р.Р., 2021</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2021</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Мухин Р.Р.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Mukhin R.R.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.chebsbornik.ru/jour/article/view/1009">https://www.chebsbornik.ru/jour/article/view/1009</self-uri><abstract><p>Цель. Целью работы является изучение истории представлений о грубости (структурной устойчивости), которая является не только одним из важнейших понятий теории нелинейных систем, но лежит в основе нашего миропонимания. До настоящего времени структурная устойчивость рассматривалась в историческом плане лишь фрагментарно (главным образом, в связи со школой Андронова) и не являлась предметом последовательного исторического исследования. Метод. Исследование основано на анализе оригинальных работ, историко-научной литературы с привлечением воспоминаний участников описываемых событий. Результаты. В школе Андронова в контексте прикладных проблем исчерпывающим образом были изучены двумерные системы, для которых структурнаяустойчивость является типичным свойством. С конца 1950-х гг. происходит смещение исследований структурной устойчивости в контексте прикладных проблем в сторону теории динамических систем. М. Пейксото изучил структурную устойчивость на замкнутых двумерных многообразиях и доказал плотность таких систем. С. Смейл выдвинул гипотезу о существовании структурно устойчивых систем в многомерном случае (𝑛 &gt; 3). Такие системы существуют (системы Морса-Смейла), но он сам установил их нетипичность, они не составляют плотного множества. Для многомерных систем характерно сложное поведение,был построен пример такой системы (подкова Смейла). Изучение систем со сложным поведением стимулировало развитие гиперболической теории. Обсуждение. Структурнаяустойчивость явилась важным фактором открытия сложного поведения динамических систем уже в трехмерном случае, она продолжает играть значительную роль в современ-ной теории динамических систем. Структурная устойчивость имеет общенаучное значение, сыграла ключевую роль в построении теории катастроф, она вышла за рамки теории динамических систем и самой математики, проникает в другие области науки, в том числе в гуманитарную сферу.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Aim. The aim of the work is to study the history of ideas about coarseness (structural stability), which is not only one of the most important concepts of the theory of nonlinear systems, but lies at the heart of our worldview. To nowаdays, structural stability has been considered in historical terms only fragmentarily (mainly in connection with the Andronov school) and has not been the subject of a consistent historical study. Method. The study isbased on an analysis of original works, historical and scientific literature with the involvement of the memories of participants in the events described. Results. In Andronov’s school, in thecontext of applied problems, two-dimensional systems for which structural stability is a typical property have been exhaustively studied. Since the late 1950s there is a shift in research onstructural stability in the context of applied problems towards the theory of dynamical systems.M. Peixoto studied structural stability on closed two-dimensional manifolds and proved the density of such systems. S. Smale hypothesized the existence of structurally stable systems inthe multidimensional case (𝑛 &gt; 3) . Such systems exist (Morse-Smale systems), but he himself established their atypicality, they do not constitute a dense set. Multidimensional systems arecharacterized by complex behavior; an example of such a system (Smale’s horseshoe) was built. The study of systems with complex behavior stimulated the development of hyperbolic theory.Discussion. Structural stability was an important factor in the discovery of the complex behavior of dynamical systems already in the three-dimensional case; it continues to play asignificant role in the modern theory of dynamical systems. Structural stability is of general scientific importance, played a key role in the construction of catastrophe theory, it went beyond the framework of the theory of dynamical systems and mathematics itself, penetrates into other areas of science, including the humanitarian sphere.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>динамическая система</kwd><kwd>грубость</kwd><kwd>структурная устойчивость</kwd><kwd>тополо- гическая эквивалентность</kwd><kwd>типичность</kwd><kwd>трансверсальность</kwd><kwd>плотное множество.</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>dynamical system</kwd><kwd>coarseness</kwd><kwd>structural stability</kwd><kwd>topological equivalence</kwd><kwd>typicality</kwd><kwd>transversality</kwd><kwd>dense set.</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Исследование выполнено при поддержке РФФИ (проект № 20-011-00402 А.).</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Том Р. 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